11 moments
Birth in Raipur
· Raipur, Kabirwala Tehsil, Khanewal District, Punjab, Pakistan
Khorana was born in the village of Raipur in Punjab, then British India and now in Pakistan. The exact day is conventionally recorded but was not certain to Khorana himself. The settlement coordinate is from the Raipur, Pakistan gazetteer entry; the exact birth site within the village is not specified.
Punjab University bachelor's degree
· Lahore, Punjab, British India (now Pakistan)
Khorana was studying at Punjab University in Lahore when he obtained his bachelor's degree, beginning the formal scientific education that preceded his overseas fellowships. Coordinates represent central Lahore because the specific pre-partition university building attended by Khorana is not identified.
Government fellowship to Liverpool
· University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
After completing his master's degree in Lahore, Khorana moved to England on a Government of India Fellowship to undertake doctoral study in organic chemistry at the University of Liverpool.
Postdoctoral work at ETH Zurich
· ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Khorana began a postdoctoral year at the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule in Zurich with Vladimir Prelog, an important formative period in his scientific career. The source supports a 1948-1949 stay; the card is dated to its stated starting year.
Return to England for peptide and nucleotide research
· England, United Kingdom
Following a short period in India, Khorana returned to England on a fellowship to work on peptides and nucleotides before settling in Cambridge. The source identifies England but not the precise 1949 locality; coordinates are a representative point for England.
Cambridge fellowship period
· University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
Khorana stayed in Cambridge while working with George Wallace Kenner and Alexander R. Todd; this period deepened his interest in proteins and nucleic acids. The source supports a 1950-1952 stay; the card is dated to its stated starting year.
Move to Vancouver and British Columbia Research Council
· Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
A job offer took Khorana to Vancouver, where he began building an independent research group at the British Columbia Research Council. Coordinates represent Vancouver because the source identifies the city but does not specify the Research Council building.
Institute for Enzyme Research appointment
· University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
Khorana moved to Madison to become co-director of the University of Wisconsin Institute for Enzyme Research, where his work on the genetic code led to the 1968 Nobel Prize. Coordinates represent the University of Wisconsin-Madison campus; the source does not identify the institute's specific building.
Joining the MIT faculty
· Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Khorana joined MIT after his Wisconsin work and continued research in genetics, later retiring from the MIT faculty in 2007.
Steenbock Symposium honor
· Madison, Wisconsin, United States
Khorana returned to Madison to be hosted and honored at the 33rd Steenbock Symposium, a late-career recognition at the institution where he had conducted Nobel-winning work. Coordinates represent Madison; the symposium venue is not specified in the cited text.
Death in Concord
· Concord, Massachusetts, United States
Khorana died of natural causes in Concord, Massachusetts, ending a career that had reshaped understanding of the genetic code and synthetic genes. Coordinates represent Concord because the exact death location is not published in the cited source.